Other Libraries / Bibliotecas Ajenas

by Cayre Alfaro Fonseca

Cayre Alfaro Fonseca, editor of the independent Peruvian publisher ‘Personaje Secundario’, has been running the bookstore ‘Espacio Secundario’ since the end of last year. Before thinking about opening a bookstore, he imagined a questionnaire about books he’d like to have from libraries he’s visited. “Other Libraries” talks about three books he wishes he had, as well as the impossibility of arranging a bookshelf, of fixing a library.

Author Cayre Alfaro Fonseca

Other Libraries

An Argentinian bookshop has a questionnaire that asks writers how they arrange their personal library. It also asks for a picture of it. “I don’t send a photo of my library because I think it looks like all the others”, replies Santiago Venturini, who prefers sending a photo of the light he’d mentioned in a previous question about the most beautiful colour he’d ever seen.

 

Every library has its own order. And its own disorder, too. I think of the photos of libraries I’ve seen: overflowed, excessive, inhospitable. I believe in those photos. Bookshelves organised like a military parade, ideal for Zoom backgrounds or backcover pictures, are a fiction. There’s real photos of publishing offices, journalistic studios or admired writers’ libraries which justify their own chaos. In fact, I have yet to order my own library after returning from a trip with a couple of suitcases full of books. There’s no way to order a library without disordering it. Or giving it a new order, in any case.

 

A Mexican bookshop, for its part, records writers’ libraries. I remember a writer who, intending to take excessive care of his image, would turn his books so that, instead of their spines, one could only see paper sheets. That way, he prevented anyone who’d visit his library from learning his tastes and influences — and also from them asking to borrow any books. In any case, in the Mexican bookshop’s videos, writers stop at certain books, be it for antiquity, affection, or both.

 

Most libraries are impossible to photograph, or to record, especially if they’re our own. There’s no distance with one’s own library. We usually value our friends’ libraries, and get surprised when they get excited over our books — rarities that we normalise and treat as if they’d always been there. In other libraries, on the contrary, we search for titles that we don’t have, in order to desire them, to make a mental list of books that we don’t but should own, in order to flirt with the idea of borrowing them, without, of course, intending to give them back. If I had a bookshop, I’d make a questionnaire asking readers which of their friends’ books they’d steal — or borrow without intending to give back. Because I don’t have a bookshop, I play the game and think of three books I’d choose from libraries that I’ve seen, that I’ve visited.

 

Before moving to the United States, my friend Ivana invited me to her house to select the books I wanted from her library. The only one that was out of bounds was a hand-made edition, rubber-bound with a coloured bond paper jacket. I was struck by how scholarly the edition was. I tell her this. The term scholarly is not derogatory, but true. It was a book her younger sister made for her as primary school homework. I don’t remember the title, but I do remember the cover had the word “sister” written on it. It was a manual for enduring having an older sister, for coping with being the younger sister. Against her sister, but in support of sisterhood. It was both a cute and cruel book at the same time: children’s literature in its pure state. That’s the familiarity I’m interested in: the conflict of coexistence, the tragicomedy of transiting other lives, and having others transit our own life.

 

On the birthday of my friend Ramos’s father, who is also called Ramos, but isn’t my friend, I stay to one side of the party talking with him all night, as if we were friends. After midnight, his wife approaches us and says, more as an affirmation than a question: You’ve become friends. No, he replies, and she, perhaps to break the tension of a denied friendship, asks him whether he’d told me the Borges anecdote. No, I reply this time. And the story begins, with a certain familiarity that becomes confusing. Apparently his father, my friend’s grandfather, who, of course, is also called, or, in this case, was also called Ramos, worked as a secretary in the Universidad de Buenos Aires. Amongst other tasks, he was in charge of the academic timetables when Borges gave classes at the UBA. In gratitude for giving him the best schedules, Borges gave him books at the start of each term, which he read during the year, and, at the end of the course, asked Borges to sign. Of all of those books, two arrived to Lima — my friend’s father brought them from Argentina to show them to his son, to tell him about his grandfather, about his job, about his books. After the conversation, after that emotional moment that my friend had in fact already told me about — right before asking me for a Borges book of short stories which he never gave back — both books were abandoned on some shelf of the Ramos family library. More abandoned than what they’d imagined, apparently, because every so often, when they looked for them to show them to a reader friend, they couldn’t find them. Until Ramos father’s second wedding, when Ramos son’s cousin gave both books signed for Ramos grandpa as a wedding present. The surprise was moving — which did not mean, however, that that family member was allowed back into the family library. The story ends, the party continues and the possibility of friendship remains in the drinks, in the stories, in the books to come, to be lent, to be returned.

 

My best friend spent months writing countless versions of a book for his girlfriend. The anniversary present he dreamed of giving to her. He organised a trip to give it to her on the date when everything begun. But the book didn’t make it out of print on time. So, he had to give her the printed mock-ups with marks and corrections. That’s the book that I’d like to receive, that I’d like to read, that I’d like to have in my library. A book made against time, unfinished, imperfect. An accident. After returning from the trip, my friend gave her the official version. Because of the delay, the print shop should have given him a few more copies. But they didn’t, so my friend had to look for another place to print more books. A few months later, he published a version for the public: hundreds of copies that do not compare to that unique object resting in another library. In the end, the relationship ended, but the book survived, survives on anonymous bookshelves that they don’t know of, that they ignore. Perhaps that’s what we do when we write, when we edit, when we read: we build other libraries.

Translation by Patricio Ghezzi Novak

 

BIBLIOTECAS AJENAS

Una librería argentina tiene un cuestionario donde preguntan a escritores cómo ordenan su biblioteca. También piden mandar una imagen del lugar. “No envío una foto de mi biblioteca porque creo que se parece a todas las demás”, responde Santiago Venturini, quien prefiere mandar la luz que había mencionado en una pregunta anterior, referida al color más hermoso que vio en su vida.



Hay un orden propio en cada biblioteca. Y también un desorden. Pienso en las fotos de bibliotecas que he visto: desbordadas, excesivas, inhabitables. Creo en esas fotos. Los libreros ordenados como desfile militar, ideales para tener en el fondo de Zoom o en la foto de solapa, son una ficción. Hay fotos reales de oficinas editoriales, de estudios periodísticos o de bibliotecas de escritores admirados que justifican el caos propio. Tengo pendiente, de hecho, ordenar mi biblioteca, luego de volver de viaje con un par de maletas llenas de libros. No hay manera de ordenar una biblioteca sin desordenarla. Darle un nuevo orden, en todo caso.



Una librería mexicana, por su parte, graba libreros de escritores. Recuerdo un escritor que pretendía cuidar demasiado su imagen y volteaba los libros para que, en lugar del lomo, se vean las hojas de papel. De esa manera, evitaba que los eventuales visitantes a su biblioteca supieran sus influencias, sus gustos. Y de paso que le pidieran libros prestados. En todo caso, en los videos de la librería mexicana, los escritores se detienen en ciertos libros, ya sea por antigüedad o por cariño o por ambos.



La mayoría de las bibliotecas son imposibles de fotografiar o de grabar, sobre todo si es nuestra. No hay distancia con la biblioteca propia. Solemos valorar las bibliotecas de nuestros amigos y sorprendernos cuando ellos se emocionan al ver los libros que tenemos, rarezas que normalizamos y damos por sentadas, como si siempre hubieran estado allí. En las bibliotecas ajenas, en cambio, buscamos títulos que no tenemos para desearlos, para hacer una lista mental de ejemplares que nos faltan, que deberíamos tener, para tantear que nos los presten sin ninguna intención de devolverlos. Si tuviera una librería, haría un cuestionario para preguntarle a los lectores qué libros robarían —o pedirían prestados para no devolver—. Como no la tengo, hago el ejercicio y pienso en tres libros que escogería de los libreros que he visto, que he visitado.



Mi amiga Ivana, antes de mudarse a vivir a Estados Unidos, me invitó a su casa para que seleccione los libros que quería de su biblioteca. El único que no estaba en oferta era una edición artesanal, encuadernada con goma y con una sobrecubierta de papel bond a color. Me llamó la atención lo escolar de la edición. Se lo digo. El término escolar no resulta despectivo, sino cierto. Fue un libro que su hermana menor le hizo para una tarea de primaria. No recuerdo el título, pero sí que llevaba la palabra “hermana” en la tapa. Era un manual para soportar tener una hermana mayor, para sobrellevar ser una hermana menor. En contra de su hermana, pero a favor de la hermandad. Era un libro tierno y cruel al mismo tiempo: literatura infantil en estado puro. Esa es la familiaridad que me interesa: el conflicto de la convivencia, la tragicomedia de transitar la vida del resto y que el resto transite nuestra vida.



En el cumpleaños del padre de mi amigo Ramos, que también se apellida Ramos, pero no es mi amigo, me quedó con él, a un lado de la fiesta, hablando toda la noche como si fuéramos amigos. Pasada la medianoche, su esposa se acerca a nosotros y dice, afirmando más que preguntando: Ya se hicieron amigos. No, responde él, y ella, acaso para romper la tensión de una amistad negada, le pregunta si ya me contó la anécdota de Borges. No, me toca responder a mí, esta vez. Y la historia comienza, con cierta familiaridad que se torna confusa. Resulta que su padre, el abuelo de mi amigo Ramos, que, cómo no, también se apellida o, en este caso, se apellidaba Ramos, trabajó como secretario en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Entre otras labores, era el encargado de ver los horarios académicos, cuando Borges dictaba clases en la UBA. En agradecimiento por darle los mejores horarios, Borges le regalaba libros al inicio de cada ciclo, que él leía en el transcurso del cuatrimestre y, al terminar el curso, le pedía que firme. De todos esos libros, dos llegaron a Lima, traídos desde Argentina por el padre de mi amigo para mostrárselos a su hijo, para hablarle de su abuelo, de su oficio, de sus libros. Luego de la conversación, de ese momento emotivo del que mi amigo sí me había hablado —antes de pedirme prestado un libro de cuentos de Borges que nunca me devolvió—, ambos libros terminaron olvidados en un estante de la biblioteca familiar. Más olvidados de lo que pensaron, al parecer, porque, cada tanto, cuando lo buscaban para mostrárselo a algún amigo lector, no los encontraban. Hasta el segundo matrimonio de Ramos padre, cuando el primo de Ramos hijo dio los libros firmados para Ramos abuelo como regalos de bodas. La sorpresa fue conmovedora. Lo que no evitó, sin embargo, que ese familiar no vuelva a entrar a su biblioteca. La historia termina, la fiesta sigue y la posibilidad de ser amigos se mantiene en los tragos, en las historias, en los libros por venir, por ser prestados, por ser devueltos.



Mi mejor amigo pasó meses escribiendo incontables versiones de un libro dedicado a su novia. El regalo de aniversario que soñaba darle. Organizó un viaje para entregárselo en la fecha donde inició todo. Pero el libro no salió de imprenta a tiempo. Entonces, le tuvo que regalar las pruebas de impresión con las marcas y correcciones apuntadas. Ese es el libro que quisiera recibir, que quisiera leer, que quisiera tener en mi biblioteca. Un libro hecho contra el tiempo, inacabado, imperfecto. Un accidente. Luego, al regresar de viaje, mi amigo le regaló la versión oficial, salida de la imprenta que, por el retraso, le debió dar al menos un par de ejemplares más. Pero no, mi amigo tuvo que cambiar de lugar para hacer más libros. A los meses, sacó una edición abierta al público, cientos de ejemplares que no se comparan a ese objeto único que descansa en una biblioteca ajena. Al final, la relación terminó, pero el libro sobrevivió, sobrevive en estantes anónimos, que ellos desconocen, ignoran. Acaso eso hacemos al escribir, al editar, al leer: construimos bibliotecas ajenas.

 

Cayre Alfaro Fonseca (Lima, 1997) studied Hispanic Literature at Pontifica Universidad Católica del Perú, where he currently teaches, and is taking the Art History and Curatorship masters degree. He has published the books of poems _Hay un animal entre nosotros_ (2019) and _Quince minutos de receso_ (2022), amongst others. He has also written for theatre, stories and essays. This year, _Historia personal del baño_, his book that parodies autofiction novels, will be released. He currently runs the independent publisher ‘Personaje Secundario’ and the bookstore ‘Espacio Secundario’.

Literature: Alienation and Decentering in Borges’ “El Aleph

Source: https://www.bookdepository.com/es/Aleph-Other-Stories-Jorge-Luis-Borges/9780142437889

Source: https://www.bookdepository.com/es/Aleph-Other-Stories-Jorge-Luis-Borges/9780142437889

By: Nazreen Shivlani

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the KCL Latin American Society or El Cortao

Common, I hope, is the feeling of detachedness from daily chores that taints everything with grotesque oddness. While brushing my hair, I may stare at myself in the mirror and see that body as so strange, those arms as so alien. At a stranger time, I decided the touch of the soil under my feet to be a most captivating feeling. Each time the enchanted moments pass, I recall having been thinking about something greatly important, though I am unable to identify even the character of such great thoughts and so resume my day with an aftertaste of strangeness. Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges talks about similar moments in some of his short stories. This text picks up on small sections from Borges’ “El Aleph” about experiencing things from outside of ourselves, resulting in a form of alienation and decentering.

 

“El Aleph” is the last short story in Borges’ book of the same title. Aleph is a Hebrew letter written “א”, used in set theory to denote “the size of infinite sets that can be well-ordered” – take this definition, retrieved from Wikipedia and by someone who knows little maths, lightly. The short story tells the tale of a man, Borges, who goes to visit Carlos Argentino Danieri, the cousin of his deceased love interest. Danieri, a snobby aspiring poet, is about to be kicked out of his house. While pleading with a nostalgic Borges for help, Danieri says he doesn’t want to lose his house because it has the Aleph, a point in space which contains every point in space. When a reluctant Borges goes to see this mysterious object, he ends up astounded as he is indeed able to see every point in the universe:

 

“Cada cosa (la luna del espejo, digamos) era infinitas cosas, porque yo claramente la veía desde todos los puntos del universo” (Borges, 8).

 

“Everything (the surface of the mirror, for instance) was an infinite number of things, because I could clearly see it from every point in the universe”.

 

This remarkable experience took place when the fictional Borges lay down, as instructed by his friend, in the darkness of Danieri’s basement while staring at the nineteenth step of the staircase. In the middle of an entrancing description of all of the Aleph’s sights, Danieri interrupts our protagonist, humouring the reader at the realization of our own annoyance at Borges’ friend:

 

“– ¡Qué observatorio formidable, che Borges! 

(...) En la brusca penumbra, acerté a levantarme y a balbucear: 

–Formidable. Sí, formidable. 

La indiferencia de mi voz me extrañó. Ansioso, Carlos Argentino insistía: 

–¿Lo viste todo bien, en colores?” (Borges, 9).

 

“‘What a formidable observatory, hey Borges!’

(...) In the abrupt gloom, I was able to get up and mumble, ‘Formidable. Yes, formidable.’ The indifference of my voice surprised me. Anxious, Carlos Argentino insisted, ‘You saw it all well, in colour?’”.

 

Borges, the author, takes us through the perfect journey. First, a fast-paced multiplicity of descriptions of the Aleph which makes us feel as though we are ourselves experiencing all the points of the universe at once. The fact that we are reading a description, which reminds us that we are not actually experiencing the Aleph, is now mixed with the feeling of experiencing it through the eyes of character-Borges, itself a further point of view encapsulated by this mythical Aleph. This self-awareness of the reader as distinct from the protagonist enables us to notice that the transcendence of character-Borges happens in part because he is able to see reality outside of himself. He finds himself so detached that the world he sees cannot even see him:

“Vi todos los espejosdel planeta y ninguno me reflejó” (Borges, 9) / “I saw all the mirrors of the world and none of them reflected me”.

The viewpoint from the Aleph “corresponds therefore to a fixed sliding of the whole universe, to a decentralization of the world which undermines the centralization which (we are) simultaneously effecting” (Sartre, 255). We get a feeling that at this point, indeed, in his alienation, character-Borges transcends himself. Could it be that when the point of view shifts and the world becomes decentralized, we can realize some eternal truths? Could it be that when we are so alienated that we don’t recognize our bodies as our own and seem to be discovering some external vague truth, the self transcends?

 

Such a transcendence from the self is something we will never experience– not only because we cannot possibly see first-hand the parts of the world that we do not go to or because we will not experience feelings from the perspective of another person, but because we may never get to know if there is something out there and if it is as we see it. When we stare at nature and absent-mindedly believe to have found a truth about it, could we really have experienced it as it truly, pristinely is? And could the Aleph finally free character-Borges of the fixed point of view that so excruciatingly traps us? Author-Borges expertly escalates our claustrophobia when alluding to other limits of our experience such as language. Only when he is interrupted by Danieri is the protagonist forced to descend back inside of himself, dazedly stepping into his encapsulating point of view to utter a response. This interruption marks the end of Borges’ reverie, as he is called back to reality.

 

Next in this expedition, the author humours us with hindsight. If author-Borges tried, as I implied, to show that character-Borges (or more broadly perhaps, the subject) transcends himself by annulling the “I” as the starting point, it seems nothing remarkable after the description-induced hypnosis. Naturally, the subject should transcend their subjectivity in order to experience objectivity – which was framed in the present text as the absolute freedom of experiencing a pristine world. Re-reading the previous paragraph, we realize that what to me felt as epiphanies when reading, were quite obvious all along. Of course, there are points in Borges’ writing that draw us into the story and points where we get distracted and realize that we are distinct from character-Borges; surely, not pondering over how we can only see reality from our own point of view for the best part of our lives reflects that this is a plainly obvious fact and not that our minds have not reached the grand depths. Still, in the context of “El Aleph”, Borges’ writing is incredibly ingenious because it is able to take us through the loopiest of thoughts only to drag us back to our living rooms, making us feel like the snobby Danieri that so annoyed us.

 

Finally, we reach the last stage of Borges’ trip: forgetting. Because character-Borges is fully immersed at every step of his journey, unable to think himself at any step other than the present one, his life after the Aleph feels absolutely normal. This is much like our feelings as we accompany the protagonist in his journey, aided by the author’s magical realism which makes everything appear wholly natural. Natural, yes, but it appears absurd too, from the outside, that such a mind-blowing event should be followed by the same good old daily chores as always. At the end, character-Borges forgets the specificity of what he recalled when looking at the Aleph, remaining only with the memory of an indescribable intensity. This touches upon the possibility that reality is limited and that it is created in its totality by language and memories.

 

Borges’ “El Aleph” takes us through a journey similar to what we feel during those moments of detachedness from what surrounds us. We may personally relate to character-Borges when we enter those strange and somewhat happy feelings of alienation that come to us under peculiar circumstances, the short minutes when we feel that we experience things from outside of ourselves, as if some thoughts feel awkward when experienced from our own point of view and they would rather be outside of us. When our eyes, perplexed, must begin to understand every part of what they are seeing, getting us bewildered at the novelty of normal views because we truly see things as if for the first time, it seems to me that we may experience something like Borges’ Aleph.

Nazreen is a KCL student interested in development, philosophy, and literature, focused on Latin America.

Four Pillars of New Latin American Narrative (part II):  Macedonio Fernández and Roberto Arlt

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By: Luisa Ripoll Alberola

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the KCL Latin American Society or El Cortao

Note: This is the final portion of a two-part piece on the pillars of Latin American Literature. To read the first part, please refer to: Four Pillars of New Latin American Narrative (part I):  Felisberto Hernández y Horacio Quiroga

Where does Latin American literature come from? What gave birth to its voice? The modern Latin American literature is genuine and differs notably from the occidental tradition. This was first globally manifested with the Latin American Boom–the literary movement that united many young Latin American novelists in the 60s and spread their work around the globe. The Latin American Boom seems to be the beginning of the assertion of this new voice in the literary world. And thiscould be the reason why Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Juan Rulfo, Carlos Fuentes, Jorge Luis Borges and Julio Cortázar – among others – are so popular. 

I wondered if these authors had been some kind of geniuses to create such a new and original form of written expression unexpectedly. What did they read? What was their inspiration? What features were picked up from other literary movements? One day, I found the answers to these questions hiding in a prologue in the words of Carlos Fuentes. His opinion shows these influences in four essential Latin American authors. According to Fuentes; Felisberto Hernández, Roberto Arlt, Horacio Quiroga and Macedonio Fernández are the four fundamental pillars to the renewal of the 20th century narrative. 

To satisfy my curiosity, I started reading one important book per each author –these were written around the 1920s. Hereafter, I will tackle my reading experience with these not-widely-known classics of the Latin American literature.

 

Macedonio Fernández

The other day I was asked which was the strangest book I have ever read; my answer was Museo de la Novela de la Eterna (The Museum of Eterna’s Novel) by MacedonioFernández (1874-1952). Macedonio Fernández is an Argentinian author–known for being quite eccentric. In all his life, he never stood foot outside of his beloved Buenos Aires. Fernández collaborated with Jorge Luis Borges in many magazines and had a good friendship with Borges’ father. 

The influence of Fernández in Borges is irrefutable. As it is pointed in the summary of Museo de la Novela de la Eterna, “Two intuitions sufficed: the obsession for the work inside the work itself, and the dreamlike conception of reality.” A basic recurrence in all of Fernández’s work,also taken by Borges, is the idea that ‘the true nature of the literary condition of the writer is the reader itself.

Macedonio Fernández was an avant-garde writer. He took part in the Argentinian ultraist group  of writers, who continued dadaism and other avant-garde movements. Una novela que comienza (A Novel that Starts) is part of this experimentation. Ironically, this is precisely a novel that doesn’t start–it is an aggrupation of prologues about a story and some characters that will never be real in any novel. The vanguard naughtiness, that provocative spirit, stayed in later literature. The avant-garde is the total rupture of stablished rules. Authors of the next generation, such as Cortázar, made this ‘game’ their main source of inspiration. The game is focused precisely on this: the invention of new rules. The destructive vanguardist aspect was necessary to wake up the destructive impulse of the game. 

Museo de la Novela de la Eterna torn its readers in two. In my opinion, Fernández’s book was dull. But it is this same boredom that marvels me the most. At the same time, Fernández achieves to give us both dull repetition and intrigue. This book, however, is very important for its influence in Cortázar’s Rayuela: a short chapters structure with no lineal connection between them, fragmented so it looks like a collection of pieces of text. The main difference is that Cortázar was concise, he invented concrete brilliant characters and worlds. Fernández, on the other hand, is more abstract. Other similarities are the pretentiousness of Fernández, comparable to Morelli’s style in “De otros lados” chapters of Rayuela; the metaphysic awareness; the structural experimentation of concatenating footnotes and parenthesis inside parenthesis. 

It is nowadays common to recognise in the fragmentarism of Rayuela, the print and presence of Fernández; but it is this fragmenting that transforms in into the rhetorical instrument that best adapts to the inherited attitude inherited in historical avant-gardes, being Dadaists, surrealists… regarding the old desire that emerged in the romanticism of presenting the writer as a provocative agent of the collective drowsiness, a rebel without more cause than himself or the mysticism.’ 1

The legacy of Macedonio Fernández, I believe, is the importance of the reader. He gets this argument to the absurd: writing a novel with insubstantial characters, with a radically abstract discourse, so it is not eclipsed by the limelight of the reader in the act of reading. Museo de la Novela de la Eterna is a mirror of four hundred pages: it is as boring as staring to oneself in a mirror for four hours. He himself affirms it in the words of one of his characters: ‘what occupies me is the reader: you are my topic, your fading existence; the rest is an excuse to have at reach from my process.

In the new Latin American narrative, although not in such a drastic way, the relation between author and reader wins importance. It becomes more dynamic, a true exchange. The author will want to move the reader in new, undiscovered ways. Consequently, the interpretation of the reader in the facts of the novel starts to be more interestingin the reading experience. 

Roberto Arlt

My favourite of the four authors, Roberto Arlt was anArgentinian author, porteño (born in Buenos Aires) frombirth to death (1900-1942). According to Ricardo Piglia, Arlt inaugurated the modern Argentinian novel with his new style. Many fellow-native writers still recognise in Arlt his mastery and consider themselves followers of his school.

His novels Los siete locos (The Seven Madmen) and the follow-up Los lanzallamas (The Flamethrowers), were in my opinion, like reading Quentin Tarantino. Although I would have loved to, I didn’t get to read the next book El amor brujo (The Wicked Love). Hence, I will share my feelings with the first two novels aforementioned. If I compare Arlt with Tarantino it is because of their similarities: the presence of the sleaze and the street, the importance of dialogues that touch on any imaginable topic, and the banalization of death–all covered in profound sarcasm, and an existential irony. Arlt drives the reader to a very entertaining universe, in which it reins the contrast in the personalities of the characters, the insanity and a sincere nonsense. 

I don’t need to read more of his novels to know that Arlt dominates literary styling, which is characterised by the orality expressed in the spirit of the Latin American conversation. He masters it with such a naturality, avoiding all the time literary rigidity, that he is told to ‘write badly’. In that moment, he coexisted in Argentinawith a current of literary academicism, whose memberscriticised Arlt sharply. Arlt even addresses this criticism: ‘…it is said about me that I write badly. It is possible.”2And it is more than possible, as he makes grammatical and orthographical mistakes constantly, however he proves that not all the literary enchantment is in an impeccable style.

....

To sum up,  these four authors are all very interesting. I would like to encourage all readers, literature enthusiasts or beginners, to start their own literary investigations. Ask questions and dig deeper about any topic that interests you, any genre that connects with that specific moment you are living, or any group of authors you want to know more about.

Latin American literature plays, in my opinion, in another league in the panorama of world literature. For me, the feeling it transmits is not comparable to any other written thing. If you start reading these authors I–or any other great Latin American authors–I welcome you to aNew World. 

 

Luisa is a Spanish 3rd Year Industrial Engineering student at the Technical University of Madrid. She is passionate about literature and philosophy.

Bibliography

1 Fernando Rodríguez Lafuente, “Prólogo” a Museo de la Novela de la Eterna, p. 65-66. Editorial Cátedra, Madrid, 1995.

2 Roberto Arlt, “Prólogo” a Los lanzallamas, ArchivosALLCA XX, Barcelona, 2000. 

Four Pillars of New Latin American Narrative (part I):  Felisberto Hernández y Horacio Quiroga

Sources: https://sujetos.uy/2012/01/05/felisberto-hernandez-en-el-canon-narrativo-uruguayo/   and  http://librosquearden.com/biografia-horacio-quiroga/

Sources: https://sujetos.uy/2012/01/05/felisberto-hernandez-en-el-canon-narrativo-uruguayo/ and http://librosquearden.com/biografia-horacio-quiroga/

By: Luisa Ripoll Alberola

DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the KCL Latin American Society or El Cortao

 Where does Latin American literature come from? What gave birth to its voice? The modern Latin American literature is genuine and differs notably from the occidental tradition. This was first globally manifested with the Latin American Boom–the literary movement that united many young Latin American novelists in the 60s and spread their work around the globe. The Latin American Boom seems to be the beginning of the assertion of this new voice in the literary world. And thiscould be the reason why Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Juan Rulfo, Carlos Fuentes, Jorge Luis Borges and Julio Cortázar – among others – are so popular. 

I wondered if these authors had been some kind of geniuses to create such a new and original form of written expression unexpectedly. What did they read? What was their inspiration? What features were picked up from other literary movements? One day, I found the answers to these questions hiding in a prologue in the words of Carlos Fuentes. His opinion shows these influences in four essential Latin American authors. According to Fuentes; Felisberto Hernández, Roberto Arlt, Horacio Quiroga and Macedonio Fernández are the four fundamental pillars to the renewal of the 20th century narrative. 

 

‘Renewal that connects with the coexistence of imagination and critique, ambiguity, humour and parody, and the generating capacity of myths–whose encounter converts these aesthetic operators in disruption of the language and literary history. Also because of the establishment of a diversifyingmovement, critical and ambiguous, radically different from the perspective and aesthetic approaches of the old naturalist novel.’  1

 

To satisfy my curiosity, I started reading one important book per each author –these were written around the 1920s. Hereafter, I will tackle my reading experience with these not-widely-known classics of the Latin American literature. 

Felisberto Hernández

Inspired by my local bookseller, who did his doctoral thesis about him, Felisberto Hernández was the first author I approached. Uruguayan musician and writer (1902-1964), he spent all of his life in Montevideo. I read one of his more popular storybooks: Nadie encendía las lámparas (No One Lit the Lamps). His short stories are homely, calm and without overdone, dramatic effects. The characters seem to be sleeply taken by a great dream.

The style of the renewed Latin American narrative is vivid, visual, colourful and sincere. These attributes are usually related with childhood because when we were young, we received the gift of life purely and happily. As we explored the world for the first time, everything had a new colour, a new taste. Life was marked by these feelings and by the illusion of discovery. The writer, in his adultness, can get close to these memories by a combined act of remembering and imagining. Latin American writers often use this literary resource and make their readers feel alike. The genres that get closer to this innocent and childlike view of life are poetry and specially the tale. Hernández mostly explored this genre, publishing nine storybooks.

From my point of view, his definitive contribution is the intimal link between his literature and his music. Hernández himself was a pianist and a composer. The lifestyle and music in the American continent dictate a rhythm that only him was able to transcribe. It is said that his book Por los tiempos de Clemente Colling (By the Time of Clemente Colling) achieves the ‘painting of piano lessons’. This relation between sound and written word is more profound than just alluding to famous singers, as it happens in other more modern books like Rayuela(Hopscotch) with jazz.

 

Horacio Quiroga

I followed by reading Historia de un amor turbio (A Murky Love Story), a short novel by Horacio Quiroga (1878-1937). Quiroga is Uruguayan, but he lived most of his life in Misiones, Argentina, close to nature. He died in Buenos Aires, but his legacy lived on in the works of BioyCasares, who he influenced. In Quiroga’s work I already recognised that sincere, shoddy way of expression, that had only been used by children until then. Just as Hernández, he devoted himself to tales such as Cuentos de la selva (Jungle Tales), Cuentos de amor de locura y de muerte (Stories of Love, Madness and Death), among others. 

Quiroga was a cinema passionate, just like Jorge Luis Borges. He was one of the first silent films critic of his generation, and he wrote articles in different magazines (Caras y caretas, El Hogar, La Nación…)2. Films had a great influence in the visual richness of his stories and inhis notorious experimentation with time –he makes use of ellipsis of time, just as cinema does. 

One characteristic that caught my attention is that he introduces nature so decisively that it seems just like another character of the story. On many occasions, the forest, the jungle, or the river, accompany the leadcharacter in his successes and his death. In others, the main characters are animals, making notorious his influence by Kipling. Definitely, his work is deeply rooted and embedded with Latin American landscape and the tropical forest. 

But the main theme of many of his stories is love. He portrays tradition, courtship, social classes, and all the conventions surrounding love. They are stories of tangible realities. Edgar Allan Poe was another of his influences; in his stories one can take notice of his sharply descriptive style. Quiroga already has some brilliant moments in the use of metaphor and anticipation and retrospection. 

By the time I read Quiroga’s books, I had already connected deeply with my experiment. Inside me, there was plenty of energy to continue reading and reviewing Carlos Fuentes’ chosen authors. Soon you will be able to read the second part of my journey with them and share my impressions about Macedonio Fernández and Roberto Arlt.

 

Bibliography

1 Enriqueta Morillas, “Prólogo” a Nadie encendía las lámparas, p. 18. Editorial Cátedra, Madrid, 2010. (Thetranslation is mine)

2 Many of these articles are collected in Horacio Quiroga, Cine y literatura, editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 2007. 

 

Luisa is a Spanish 3rd Year Industrial Engineering student at the Technical University of Madrid. She is passionate about literature and philosophy.